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Industrial production of kanten (the Japanese name for agar, which translates as “cold weather” or “frozen sky”) began in Japan in the mid-19th century by natural freeze drying, a technique that simultaneously dehydrates and purifies the agar. Seaweed is first washed and boiled to extract the agar, after which the solution is filtered and placed in boxes or trays at room temperature to congeal. The jelly is then cut into slabs called namaten, which can be further processed into noodle-like strips by pushing the slabs through a press. These noodles are finally spread out in layers onto reed mats and exposed to the sun and freezing temperatures for several weeks to yield purified agar. Although this traditional way of producing kanten is disappearing, even today’s industrial-scale manufacturing of agar relies on repeated cycles of boiling, freezing, and thawing.
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市场秩序依赖稳定的产权与可预期的规则，而不是依赖某个“救世主”。秘鲁的问题不在于缺乏发展理论，而在于制度无法持续兑现对产权的承诺；不在于缺少改革方案，而在于政治结构难以维持长期预期。
第十四条 国家鼓励和支持受控热核聚变的科学研究与技术开发。